2023年度friendship教案6篇【精选推荐】

下面是小编为大家整理的2023年度friendship教案6篇【精选推荐】,供大家参考。

Of Friendship 篇一

Of Friendship

It had been hard for him that spake it to have put more truth and untruth together in few words, than in that speech. Whatsoever is delighted in solitude, is either a wild beast or a god. For it is most true, that a natural and secret hatred, and aversation towards society, in any man, hath somewhat of the savage beast; but it is most untrue, that it should have any character at all, of the divine nature; except it proceed, not out of a pleasure in solitude, but out of a love and desire to sequester a mans self, for a higher conversation: such as is found to have been falsely and feignedly in some of the heathen; as Epimenides the Candian, Numa the Roman, Empedocles the Sicilian, and Apollonius of Tyana; and truly and really, in divers of the ancient hermits and holy fathers of the church. But little do men perceive what solitude is, and how far it extendeth. For a crowd is not company; and faces are but a gallery of pictures; and talk but a tinkling cymbal, where there is no love. The Latin adage meeteth with it a little: Magna civitas, magna solitudo; because in a great town friends are scattered; so that there is not that fellowship, for the most part, which is in less neighborhoods. But we may go further, and affirm most truly, that it is a mere and miserable solitude to want true friends; without which the world is but a wilderness; and even in this sense also of solitude, whosoever in the frame of his nature and affections, is unfit for friendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not from humanity.

A principal fruit of friendship, is the ease and discharge of the fulness and swellings of the heart, which passions of all kinds do cause and induce. We know diseases of stoppings, and suffocations, are the most dangerous in the body; and it is not much otherwise in the mind; you may take sarza to open the liver, steel to open the spleen, flowers of sulphur for the lungs, castoreum for the brain; but no receipt openeth the heart, but a true friend; to whom you may impart griefs, joys, fears, hopes, suspicions, counsels, and whatsoever lieth upon the heart to oppress it, in a kind of civil shrift or confession.

It is a strange thing to observe, how high a rate great kings and monarchs do set upon this fruit of friendship, whereof we speak: so great, as they purchase it, many times, at the hazard of their own safety and greatness. For princes, in regard of the distance of their fortune from that of their subjects and servants, cannot gather this fruit, except (to make themselves capable thereof) they raise some persons to be, as it were, companions and almost equals to themselves, which many times sorteth to inconvenience. The modern languages give unto such persons the name of favorites, or privadoes; as if it were matter of grace, or conversation. But the Roman name attaineth the true use and cause thereof, naming them participes curarum; for it is that which tieth the knot. And we see plainly that this hath been done, not by weak and passionate princes only, but by the wisest and most politic that ever reigned; who have oftentimes joined to themselves some of their servants; whom both themselves have called friends, and allowed other likewise to call them in the same manner; using the word which is received between private men.

L. Sylla, when he commanded Rome, raised Pompey (after surnamed the Great) to that height, that Pompey vaunted himself for Syllas overmatch. For when he had carried the consulship for a friend of his, against the pursuit of Sylla, and that Sylla did a little resent thereat, and began to speak great, Pompey turned upon him again, and in effect bade him be quiet; for that more men adored the sun rising, than the sun setting. With Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus had obtained that interest, as he set him down, in his testament, for heir in remainder, after his nephew. And this was the man that had power with him, to draw him forth to his death. For when Caesar would have discharged the senate, in regard of some ill presages, and specially a dream of Calpurnia; this man lifted him gently by the arm out of his chair, telling him he hoped he would not dismiss the senate, till his wife had dreamt a better dream. And it seemeth his favor was so great, as Antonius, in a letter which is recited verbatim in one of Ciceros Philippics, calleth him venefica, witch; as if he had enchanted Caesar. Augustus raised Agrippa (though of mean birth) to that height, as when he consulted with Maecenas, about the marriage of his daughter Julia, Maecenas took the liberty to tell him, that he must either marry his daughter to Agrippa, or take away his life; there was no third war, he had made him so great. With Tiberius Caesar, Sejanus had ascended to that height, as they two were termed, and reckoned, as a pair of friends. Tiberius in a letter to him saith, Haec pro amicitia nostra non occultavi; and the whole senate dedicated an altar to Friendship, as to a goddess, in respect of the great dearness of friendship, between them two. The like, or more, was between Septimius Severus and Plautianus. For he forced his eldest son to marry the daughter of Plautianus; and would often maintain Plautianus, in doing affronts to his son; and did write also in a letter to the senate, by these words: I love the man so well, as I wish he may overlive me. Now if these princes had been as a Trajan, or a Marcus Aurelius, a man might have thought that this had proceeded of an abundant goodness of nature; but being men so wise, of such strength and severity of mind, and so extreme lovers of themselves, as all these were, it proveth most plainly that they found their own felicity (though as great as ever happened to mortal men) but as an half piece, except they mought have a friend, to make it entire; and yet, which is more, they were princes that had wives, sons, nephews; and yet all these could not supply the comfort of friendship.

It is not to be forgotten, what Comineus observeth of his first master, Duke Charles the Hardy, namely, that he would communicate his secrets with none; and least of all, those secrets which troubled him most. Whereupon he goeth on, and saith that towards his latter time, that closeness did impair, and a little perish his understanding. Surely Comineus mought have made the same judgment also, if it had pleased him, of his second master, Lewis the Eleventh, whose closeness was indeed his tormentor. The parable of Pythagoras is dark, but true; Cor ne edito; Eat not the heart. Certainly if a man would give it a hard phrase, those that want friends, to open themselves unto are cannibals of their own hearts. But one thing is most admirable (wherewith I will conclude this first fruit of friendship), which is, that this communicating of a mans self to his friend, works two contrary effects; for it redoubleth joys, and cutteth griefs in halves. For there is no man, that imparteth his joys to his friend, but he joyeth the more; and no man that imparteth his griefs to his friend, but he grieveth the less. So that it is in truth, of operation upon a mans mind, of like virtue as the alchemists use to attribute to their stone, for mans body; that it worketh all contrary effects, but still to the good and benefit of nature. But yet without praying in aid of alchemists, there is a manifest image of this, in the ordinary course of nature. For in bodies, union strengtheneth and cherisheth any natural action; and on the other side, weakeneth and dulleth any violent impression: and even so it is of minds.

The second fruit of friendship, is healthful and sovereign for the understanding, as the first is for the affections. For friendship maketh indeed a fair day in the affections, from storm and tempests; but it maketh daylight in the understanding, out of darkness, and confusion of thoughts. Neither is this to be understood only of faithful counsel, which a man receiveth from his friend; but before you come to that, certain it is, that whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up, in the communicating and discoursing with another; he tosseth his thoughts more easily; he marshalleth them more orderly, he seeth how they look when they are turned into words: finally, he waxeth wiser than himself; and that more by an hours discourse, than by a days meditation. It was well said by Themistocles, to the king of Persia, That speech was like cloth of Arras, opened and put abroad; whereby the imagery doth appear in figure; whereas in thoughts they lie but as in packs. Neither is this second fruit of friendship, in opening the understanding, restrained only to such friends as are able to give a man counsel; (they indeed are best;) but even without that, a man learneth of himself, and bringeth his own thoughts to light, and whetteth his wits as against a stone, which itself cuts not. In a word, a man were better relate himself to a statua, or picture, than to suffer his thoughts to pass in smother.

Add now, to make this second fruit of friendship complete, that other point, which lieth more open, and falleth within vulgar observation; which is faithful counsel from a friend. Heraclitus saith well in one of his enigmas, Dry light is ever the best. And certain it is, that the light that a man receiveth by counsel from another, is drier and purer, than that which cometh from his own understanding and judgment; which is ever infused, and drenched, in his affections and customs. So as there is as much difference between the counsel, that a friend giveth, and that a man giveth himself, as there is between the counsel of a friend, and of a flatterer. For there is no such flatterer as is a mans self; and there is no such remedy against flattery of a mans self, as the liberty of a friend. Counsel is of two sorts: the one concerning manners, the other concerning business. For the first, the best preservative to keep the mind in health, is the faithful admonition of a friend. The calling of a mans self to a strict account, is a medicine, sometime too piercing and corrosive. Reading good books of morality, is a little flat and dead. Observing our faults in others, is sometimes improper for our case. But the best receipt (best, I say, to work, and best to take) is the admonition of a friend. It is a strange thing to behold, what gross errors and extreme absurdities many (especially of the greater sort) do commit, for want of a friend to tell them of them; to the great damage both of their fame and fortune: for, as St. James saith, they are as men that look sometimes into a glass, and presently forget their own shape and favor. As for business, a man may think, if he will, that two eyes see no more than one; or that a gamester seeth always more than a lookeron; or that a man in anger, is as wise as he that hath said over the four and twenty letters; or that a musket may be shot off as well upon the arm, as upon a rest; and such other fond and high imaginations, to think himself all in all. But when all is done, the help of good counsel is that which setteth business straight. And if any man think that he will take counsel, but it shall be by pieces; asking counsel in one business, of one man, and in another business, of another man; it is well (that is to say, better, perhaps, than if he asked none at all); but he runneth two dangers: one, that he shall not be faithfully counselled; for it is a rare thing, except it be from a perfect and entire friend, to have counsel given, but such as shall be bowed and crooked to some ends, which he hath, that giveth it. The other, that he shall have counsel given, hurtful and unsafe (though with good meaning), and mixed partly of mischief and partly of remedy; even as if you would call a physician, that is thought good for the cure of the disease you complain of, but is unacquainted with your body; and therefore may put you in way for a present cure, but overthroweth your health in some other kind; and so cure the disease, and kill the patient. But a friend that is wholly acquainted with a mans estate, will beware, by furthering any present business, how he dasheth upon other inconvenience. And therefore rest not upon scattered counsels; they will rather distract and mislead, than settle and direct.

After these two noble fruits of friendship (peace in the affections, and support of the judgment), followeth the last fruit; which is like the pomegranate, full of many kernels; I mean aid, and bearing a part, in all actions and occasions. Here the best way to represent to life the manifold use of friendship, is to cast and see how many things there are, which a man cannot do himself; and then it will appear, that it was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say, that a friend is another himself; for that a friend is far more than himself. Men have their time, and die many times, in desire of some things which they principally take to heart; the bestowing of a child, the finishing of a work, or the like. If a man have a true friend, he may rest almost secure that the care of those things will continue after him. So that a man hath, as it were, two lives in his desires. A man hath a body, and that body is confined to a place; but where friendship is, all offices of life are as it were granted to him, and his deputy. For he may exercise them by his friend. How many things are there which a man cannot, with any face or comeliness, say or do himself? A man can scarce allege his own merits with modesty, much less extol them; a man cannot sometimes brook to supplicate or beg; and a number of the like. But all these things are graceful, in a friends mouth, which are blushing in a mans own. So again, a mans person hath many proper relations, which he cannot put off. A man cannot speak to his son but as a father; to his wife but as a husband; to his enemy but upon terms: whereas a friend may speak as the case requires, and not as it sorteth with the person. But to enumerate these things were endless; I have given the rule, where a man cannot fitly play his own part; if he have not a friend, he may quit the stage.

On Friendship 篇二

On Friendship

Friendship is a kind of relationship that many accompany you all your life. The relationship with your wife or husband occurs only after you are married and runs the risks of being cut down by divorce. The relationship with your parents will be put to an end with their passing away. The relationship with your children begins late in the middle of your life. You have an association with your colleagues, but it is always changing, because one day, one or another colleague may disappear suddenly out of your routine by changing jobs and you may similarly jump out of your colleagues" lives. You have connection with your neighbors only for the sake of living in the same neighborhood and it will break down when you or one of your neighbors moves. Only friendship can be everlasting an steady. You may have friends as early as infancy. No matter whether you are married or not, no matter where you live and work, your friends are your friends. It is not based on bloodline. It is not absolutely an objective social relationship which befalls you. It is rooted in the desires and feelings derived from social experiences. It relies on your intention. In my opinion, that is the social nature of friendship. Making friends is to meet people"s varying needs. People have all kinds of desires. To achieve progress, you make friends with those who surpass you. To enjoy freedom, equality an mutual respect, you make friends with those who are of equal stature with you. On behalf of your vanity and relaxation you make friends with the inferior. To you, some friends are fun-loving, some give encouragement, some offer knowledge, and others help you to find your own identity. You expose your worries and weakness to some friends, while you show only your merits, your bright side, in the face of other friends. Before your friends, you may act as a supervisor, a learned brother, a lovely child, a gentleman or a playmate. In a word, friendship helps you to be a full person. So friendship can benefit every individual and thus complete society which is composed of numerous individuals. That is the very social function of friendship.

I hold the point of view that friendship also has its historic nature and functions. Friendship is created since it is needed and lasts until it fulfills its tasks. If you are obsessed by a problem, a certain friend may come into your help until the problem is solved and then will be somewhat estranged from you. Friendship is produced because you want a helper and he is willing to be a helper. Friendship is estranged because it has served both of your purposes. The fact that a friend can become an enemy is demonstrated by the historic nature of friendship. So when a friend drifts apart from you, don"t be sad. What you should do is to cherish the friendship that once existed between you and your friend, and be grateful to him.

Life is a bouquet, friendship is flower.

《Friendship》教案 篇三

大家好！今天我说课的内容是高一英语新课程实验教科书必修1 Unit One， The first period。下面我就从教材分析、教法分析、学法分析、教学过程、教学评价五个方面进行说明。

一、教材分析

(一)教材的地位和作用

本节课是本单元以及本教材的第一节课，本课谈论的是：朋友是不是仅限于人类、朋友的真正含义、如何与人相处的问题等关于朋友的话题。本课涉及的有陈述句和疑问句的直接引语和间接引语的掌握和运用等语法要点。学生从初中到高中，来到一个新的学校，同学彼此陌生，不免想起老同学，老朋友。这样的话题正好能引起学生的兴趣。而且本课的内容和语法的启发性和实用性都很强，能使学生在学中用，在用中学，对综合提高学生的听说读写能力有较好的促进作用。

(二)教学目标

英语教学大纲规定，通过听说读写的训练，使学生获得英语基础知识和运用英语的能力，激发学生的学习兴趣，为进一步学习打下良好的基础。因此，我制定以下教学目标：

知识目标：1、掌握和使用陈述句和疑问句的直接引语和间接引语。

2、讨论朋友和友谊。

3、学习掌握本课的重点词汇。

技能目标：1、学会阅读的技能——scanningand skimming 。

2、通过谈论朋友和友谊，既锻炼学生的语言运用能力，又培养了学生发现问题、思考问题、解决问题的能力。

3、理解阅读文段，复述故事。

情感态度：1、患难之交才是真朋友。

2、知音难得。

3、海内存知己，天涯若比邻。

文化意识：认识德国纳粹党。让学生了解那段德国法西斯残害犹太人的历史，使学生在感受外国历史文化的同时自然而然的习得语言。

(三)重点与难点

重点：1、训练scanningand skimming等阅读技能。

2、认识朋友的真正含义以及与人相处的问题。

难点：1、阅读技能的训练。

2、陈述句和疑问句的直接引语和间接引语的互相转换(人称的变化、时态的变化、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化)。

(四)教具

本课利用录音机、投影仪等辅助设备，激发学生的学习兴趣，调动他们的积极性，为展开话题提供丰富的材料，使教学收到事半功倍的效果。

二、教法分析

在新课程背景下，教师要成为学生学习的促进者、组织者和合作者。本课采用讨论法，主要采用小组合作讨论的方式。在读前阶段我就提出问题，让学生思考讨论是不是只有人与人之间才可以交朋友，然后在阅读中通过安妮的日记向学生说明我们也可以与动物及无生命的日记交朋友。在深刻理解、充分训练的基础上，我再引导学生深入讨论几个与本课有关的话题，展开教师为主导、学生为主体的师生双边活动。通过创设真实自然的语言环境，使学生在语言实践中把语言知识和技能主动转化为交流能力，变苦学为乐学，从而培养学生大胆用英语进行交际的能力。

三、学法分析

教务于学。传统教育的弊端是教师“满堂灌”，只重视怎么教而忽视怎样学，结果高分低能的现象十分严重。为了改变教师牵着学生鼻子走的被动状态，我通过创设话题，寓教于乐，引导学生自学、自做、自助、自悟，让学生学会自己动手，收集信息、处理信息，用所学语言去实践和解决问题，使学生在运用语言的过程中感悟体验所学语言的规律，培养语言意识，积累语言经验，形成语言感觉，达到语言运用的目的。从而使学生真正成为学习的主人。

四、教学过程

新课程改革的核心理念是“一切为了学生的发展”。学生的英语学习不仅仅是掌握几个单词和句型，更重要的是学会运用语言来交流思想，办实事。因此我精心设计了以下教学环节：

(一)激趣导入，务于新知

一节课的良好开始，对于整节课教学的顺利进行起着至关重要的作用。在Warming up 部分我分四步进行：

1、用问问题的形式导入(屏幕显示)。同时板书Unit 1 Friendship。

Do you have any friends? Are you good to your friends?

Which kind of friend do you think is the best friend?

2、做调查：在Warming up部分有5个问题，我让学生独立完成。然后在屏幕上显示下列表格。

3、调查结果：显示各得分情况所对应的调查结果，让学生自行对照。

Grade 1 (5分以下) 直截了当，做事果断，没考虑不良后果。

Grade 2 (10分以下) 能用更合理的方法处理问题，又不伤朋友之间的感情，但自己的利益有时会受损。

Grade 3 (10分以上) 不伤感情，又能保全自己利益。

通过调查问卷的形式，引导学生了解日常生活中朋友之间发生的真实问题以及解决这些问题的方法，最后的问卷调查结果让学生兴趣和热情倍增，这样能促使学生很快进入语言学习和探究活动中去，愉快的进入学习状态。

4、学习三句谚语，使学生明确对待朋友和友谊的态度。

A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交才是真朋友。

Real friends are few and far between. 知音难得。

Long distance separates no bosom friends. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。

(二)创设话题，教学新知

新课程指出，教师不再是居高临下的管理者，而是学生学习的促进者、组织者、合作者。

1、我布置Pre-reading部分的几个问题启发学生对“朋友”和“友谊”进行思考，使学生明确不仅人与人之间可以做朋友，日记也可以成为人们的朋友。接着让学生就问题进行小组讨论。然后让个别学生回答问题。

接着屏幕显示我补充的问题：

Why do you need friends?

What do you think a good friend should be like?

Does a friend always have to be a person?

Friendship教案 篇四

period 2   reading “anne’s best friend”

1. teaching objectives:

1) to develop the students’ reading ability, learn to use some reading strategies such as guessing, key sentences, skimming and so on;

2). to get the students to realize the importance of friends and friendship, and to tell true friends from false friends;

3). to grasp some useful words and expressions in this passage, such as on purpose, be crazy about etc.;

4). to learn the writing style of this passage.

2. teaching method: task-based teaching

3). teaching procedures:

step 1.pre-reading

1. please enjoy three pieces of music and find out what they are about.

2. does a friend always have to be a person? what else can be your friend?

3. what do you know about the world war ii?

4. background introduction

step 2 fast reading

1. who is anne?

who/what was anne’s best friend?

when and where did the story happen?

2. fill in the form below.

the time of the story

the place of the story

the heroine of the story

anne’s best friend

the length of time they hid away

the date of the diary

step 3. careful reading

1. answer the following questions:

why did anne made her diary her best friend?

what is an ordinary diary like according to anne? what about her diary?

why was she so crazy about things to do with nature?

why did she stay awake on purpose until very late one evening?

why didn’t she dare open the window when the moon was too bright?

how do you understand the expressions “spellbound” and “held me entirely in their powder”?

2. reading to summarise the main idea of each paragraph.

skim the text and summarise the main idea of each paragraph in one sentence.

para. one: anne made her diary her best friend whom she could tell everything.

para. two: anne’s diary acted as her true friend during the time she and her family had to hide away for a long time.

para. three: having been kept indoors for so long, anne grew so crazy about everything to do with nature.

step 4 post-reading

1. comprehending exercises   (on paper)

time  nature  feeling

before hiding

after hiding

2. discuss what kind of feelings of anne the following words from the letter imply.

words anne’s feeling

nature free, peaceful, relaxed

outdoors free

crazy anxious, eager, thirsty

didn’t dare scared, frightened

thundering, entirely, power helpless, depressed, lonely

step5. activity

four students a group to discuss the situation:

suppose you four have to hide yourselves for 3 months. during the three months, you will be offered the basic food, water and clothes. your group can take 5 things with you.

what will you take? why?

how will you spend the 3 months?

how will you treat each other and  make friends ?

step 6. homework

1. review the important words,  phrases and difficult sentences in the text and make sentences using the words given by the teacher.

2. finish ex.1-3 on p4.

Friendship的教案 篇五

Friendship的教案

Unit 2 Friendship（I）

词汇解析：

1. express

（1）vt.

①表达；表示

例句：She expressed her thans (t us). 她（对我们）表示感谢。

His face expressed his disappintent.他脸上浮现出失望的表情。

I cannt express (t u) h

我们明天要考英语口试。

She usuall gets ver 80 pints in an exainatin.

她通常任何考试都在80分以上。

常见词组：

an entrance exainatin 入学考试tae an exainatin 参加考试

pass (fail) an exainatin 考试及格（不及格）cheat in an exainatin 考试作弊

（2）检查

a edical exainatin体格检查

词汇拓展：

exaine vt.

（1）检查；细查

例句：The dctr exained her carefull.医生给她作了仔细的检查。

esterda the fireen exained the grund carefull, but

我无法完成家庭作业，所以明天得继续做。

Dn"t g n taling. 不要继续讲了。

Tie is shrt, s let’s g n t the next subect. 时间不多，我们进入下一个主题吧。

注意：g n t d sth.与g n ding sth./ g n )

他读初中时身体曾经是健壮的"。（内含的意思是“现在不健壮了。）

There used t be lts f apple trees arund the huse 10 ears ag. （=There ）

十年前，这座房子四周曾经有着许多苹果树。（内含的意思是“现在没有了”。）

（2）be/gr

B. He

C. He What ther clrs des it ce in?

M: It ces in red, pin, light blue, and blac.

W: The pin is nice. H

M: Ce n, Beth, I" ur brther－ I reall lie hi, but he aes e ad, t. What shuld I d?

Friendship教案 篇六

writing: comparison and contrast

language objective:

to learn expressions that help make comparison and contrast

skill and ability objectives:

to write a paragraph with sentences of comparison and contrast

to develop reading and communication skills

approaches:

task-based approach

aids:

multimedia

procedures:

i. lead-in

learn the respective concept of “comparison” and “contrast”

ii. input

find transitional words of comparison

paraphrase tasks

find transitional words of contrast

paraphrase tasks

practice: blank filling

iii. practice

make sentences of comparison and contrast, using transitional words

iv. further development

read two resumes and finish the form

write a short paragraph, using comparison and contrast

v. homework

complete a report

mary brown

493 prince street,

boston, ma, usa

ph: 617-739-2111

education:

-: b. sc. (bachelor of science理学学士) in mathematics, harvard university

boston, ma, usa

work experience:

– edwards middle school, boston, ma, usa:

 mathematics teacher, teaching students from 13 to 15 years old;

 assistant of dean(教务主任助理), dealing with foreign exchange activities, including establishing sister relationships with middle schools in shanghai, china

computer skills:

java, word, excel, powerpoint

additional information:

 highly dedicated, with great interest in teaching

 good communication skills

tom brown

493 prince street,

boston, ma, usa

ph: 617-739-2111

education:

 -: m. sc. (master of science理学硕士) in mathematics, boston college

boston, ma, usa

 1999-: b. sc. (bachelor of science理学学士) in mathematics, boston college

boston, ma, usa

work experience:

  –   mathematics teacher of edison middle school, boston, ma, usa:

teaching students from 16 to 18 years old

computer skills:

autocad, photoshop, word, excel, powerpoint

additional information:

 highly dedicated to teaching

 good writing，oral and communication skills

april 2nd,

dear principal,

an american couple tom brown and mary brown happen to apply for the english teaching position in our school.

as far as education is concerned, both tom and mary are mathematics majors. however, unlike mary, who has a bachelor’s degree, tom is a master of science. tom graduated from boston college, while mary studied in harvard university.

in terms of work experience, _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

as for their computer skills and personality, ___________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

all in all, both of them are really competitive. please inform me when you decide who is to be recruited(录用).

sincerely yours,

_______________

以上就是为大家整理的6篇《friendship教案》，希望对您的写作有所帮助。

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